The Way We Lie By Stephanie Ericsson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Way We Lie By Stephanie Ericsson - Essay Example Furthermore we likewise comprehend that the best way to acquire change this respect is to begin the change at an individual level. Stephanie Ericsson theory is that falsehoods have become a vital part of our lives. We have created numerous methods for lying and beguiling others and sometimes ourselves. Essayist is of the supposition that now we have organized our live styles in a way that to lie or enjoy it unwittingly is to a greater extent a standard than a special case. Along these lines, we have begun to set out our own cutoff points and legitimize our lies in a single manner or the other. In the process we are consistently stood up to with our internal identity. In hearts of heart we are completely mindful of the lie we are enjoying yet we will in general legitimize it in one way or the other. Essayist is of the assessment that this mentality of our own, as a general public, had carried us to a point that we have gotten harsh toward the falsehoods we are facing in our every day lives. In the expressions of the essayist Our acknowledgment of untruths turns into a social malignancy that in the end covers and reorders reality until moral trash gets as undetectable to us as water is to a fish. The creator bolstered the theory by demonstrating the complexities of the lies in our lives, which we have made ourselves. In the exposition creator has referenced and clarified various kinds of falsehoods like innocent embellishments, veneers, disregarding the plain realities, avoiding, exclusion, generalizations and clichs, bunch think, far and away lies, excusal and dream. There are sure intriguing focuses which show up when one experiences the clarifications of these lies in the paper, which are:- 1. The falsehoods have made such a spot in our own lives that we do receive them and don't understand that we are enjoying the action of lying essentially. 2. There are lies which we ourselves enjoy into at individual level(now unwittingly) like veneers, overlooking plain realities, avoiding and exclusion where as now and again we are exposed to lies routinely by others like on account of generalizations and clichs, bunch think, excusal and hallucination. 3. In the present society when we are so adjusted to lies that we move our position and structure the piece of any of the sorted lies without regret. 4. We need to set out our lines to address our course towards lies. Furthermore, for this we need to begin with ourselves. Essayist has most reasonably cited the down home tune's line in such manner that You must represent something or you'll succumb to anything. As I would see it, I concur (Personal Experience) Given model: I concur with the author about the extravagance of lying in our lives and the issue of begin tending to it at an individual level. We as a whole are experiencing this and will keep on affliction on the off chance that we don't assume responsibility for our individual lives. Our fundamental issue is that we are trusting that others will change with the goal that we can tail them serenely. Unexpectedly, others are doing likewise. We as a whole state and comprehend that our lives are loaded with lies and truly despise it as well, however in the long run continue rehearsing a similar lifestyle. Actually over some stretch of time our general public has ended up being a lot of Hypocrites who disdain lip service and lies!!!! In my youth, I was instructed in school that that it is so awful to state a falsehood: something very similar was being pounded in me by my folks and family members. Then again, I can not tally the quantity of time I

Download Your Resume on LinkedIn

The most effective method to Easily Upload/Download Your Resume on LinkedIn Need to add your resume to your LinkedIn profile? Or on the other hand need to change over your LinkedIn to a functional resume? Have no dread! Here are simple advances you can follow to do either with no difficulty. Put Your Resume on  LinkedInIf you sign into your record, at that point select the Profile menu from the bar at the top, there is an alternative to Edit, and afterward from those all-inclusive choices, the choice to Import Resume. A spring up will allow you to choose your record (up to 500kb: either .doc, .pdf, or .html).In the Review Experience and Education interface, you can populate the fields and change the data as you need. At that point basically spare your progressions with the botton at the bottom†¦. furthermore, voila!Make a Resume from a LinkedIn ProfileOne choice for changing over your LinkedIn profile to a lovely resume is the program Resumonk. It takes just a couple of moments and two straightforward steps.1. Download your profile as a PDF. Snap on the Me connect at the top, at that point View Profile. There’s a more symbol (â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) in the top segment of your profile, click that and afterward select Save to PDF. That’s that!2. Transfer your PDF. In the event that you as of now have a Resumonk account, just sign in and begin. Something else, join! On the off chance that you have a current resume spared to Resumonk, you can tap the Edit button on the dashboard adjacent to it. In any case select Create a New Resume. On the following page, there’ll be a catch at the top called Import from LinkedIn. This will take you to another page where you can transfer your new PDF.Use the Preview Customization page to change the format, textual styles, hues, separating, and so on. At that point click Save Design Page Settings.b You can keep on editting your resume, or download it when you’re prepared by choosing the download (in .pdf or .docx group) function.You can likewise utilize Resume Builder, w hich was made as a feature of LinkedIn Labs and furthermore lets you pick a format, or alter/see in Outline structure. Or on the other hand DoYouBuzz, which is a very easy to use site with both free and paid plans, giving you huge amounts of format choices and is an exceptionally smooth procedure too.

The Management Theory of Max Weber

The Management Theory of Max Weber Bur??u?r??? i? a way ?f administratively ?rg?nizing l?rg? numb?r? ?f ????l? wh? n??d to w?rk t?g?th?r.Organizations in th? ?ubli? ?nd ?riv?t? ???t?r, in?luding universities ?nd g?v?rnm?nt?, r?l? ?n bureaucracies t? function.The term bureaucracy lit?r?ll? m??n? “rul? by d??k? or offices,” a definition that highlights th? ?ft?n impersonal ?h?r??t?r ?f bur??u?r??i??.Ev?n though bur??u?r??i?? sometimes ???m in?ffi?i?nt or w??t?ful, ??tting up a bureaucracy h?l?? ensure th?t thousands ?f ????l? w?rk together in compatible ways by d?fining ?v?r??n?’? r?l?? within a hierarchy.WHAT BUREAUCRATS DOG?v?rnm?nt bur??u?r?t? perform a wid? variety ?f tasks.We often think ?f bur??u?r?t? as ????r-?u?hing d??k ?l?rk?, but bureaucrats fight fires, t???h, ?nd monitor how f?d?r?l candidates r?i?? money, ?m?ng ?th?r ??tiviti??.The j?b of a bureaucrat i? t? implement g?v?rnm?nt ??li??, t? t?k? th? l?w? ?nd d??i?i?n? m?d? by ?l??t?d ?ffi?i?l? ?nd put th?m int? practice.S?m? bureaucrats im?l?m?nt ??li? ? by writing rules and r?gul?ti?n?, wh?r??? ?th?r? ?dmini?t?r ??li?i?? directly t? ????l? (?u?h ?? di?tributing ?m?ll bu?in??? l??n? ?r tr??ting patients at a veterans’ h???it?l).Th? t??k ?f running the government, and ?r?viding ??rvi??? thr?ugh ??li?? im?l?m?nt?ti?n, i? ??ll?d ?ubli? ?dmini?tr?ti?n.BUREAUCRATIC FUNCTIONS Th? t?rm bur??u?r??? is ?ft?n u??d in a negative ??n?? (?.g. r?d t???, ?ffi?i?ld?m).H?w?v?r, it r?f?r? t? a specific f?rm ?f ?rg?niz?ti?n with certain ?h?r??t?ri?ti??.The concept ?f bur??u?r??? and bureaucratic organization w?? first put f?rw?rd ???t?m?ti??ll? b? th? G?rm?n ???d?mi? and ???i?li?t, M?x W?b?r (1864-1920).He ?r???und?d th? bur??u?r?ti? theory ?f ?rg?niz?ti?n as th? m??t d?min?nt ?nd a univ?r??l model of organization th?t exists t? a greater ?xt?nt in b?th ?riv?t? ?nd ?ubli? sectors even t?d??.W?b?r w?? born in G?rm?n? in 1864 ?nd gr?w u? during th? tim? when indu?tri?liz?ti?n w?? tr?n?f?rming g?v?rnm?nt, business, ?nd ???i?t?.Weber w?? int?r??t?d in indu?tri?l???it?li?m, ?n economic ???t?m wh?r? indu?tr? i? ?riv?t?l? controlled ?nd ???r?t?d f?r ?r?fit. W?b?r w?nt?d to kn?w wh? indu?tri?l capitalism w?? ?u?????ful in some ??untri?? ?nd n?t in ?th?r?.H? b?li?v?d that large-scale ?rg?niz?ti?n? ?u?h ?? f??t?ri?? ?nd government d???rtm?nt? w?r? a ?h?r??t?ri?ti? of ???it?li?t ???n?mi??.W?b?r vi?it?d th? Unit?d States in 1904 t? study th? U.S. ???n?m?.It was h?r? th?t h? ?b??rv?d the spirit ?f capitalism.H? n?t?d that ???it?li?m in th? United St?t?? ?n??ur?g?d ??m??titi?n ?nd inn?v?ti?n.H? also realized th?t bu?in????? w?r? run b? ?r?f???i?n?l managers ?nd th?t th?? were link?d thr?ugh ???n?mi? r?l?ti?n?hi??.H? ??ntr??t?d thi? with ???it?li?ti? ?r??ti??? in G?rm?n? wh?r? a small group ?f powerful ????l? ??ntr?ll?d the ???n?m?.In Germany, tr?diti?n di?t?t?d b?h?vi?ur?. P???l? were given positions of authority based ?n their ???i?l standing ?nd ??nn??ti?n?, ?nd bu?in????? w?r? link?d by f?mil? ?nd social r?l?ti?n?hi??.W?b?r w?? ??n??rn ?d th?t ?uth?rit? w?? n?t a fun?ti?n ?f ?x??ri?n?? ?nd ability, but w?n b? ???i?l ?t?tu?.B???u?? ?f thi?, m?n?g?r? w?r? n?t l???l t? the ?rg?niz?ti?n.Org?niz?ti?n?l resources w?r? u??d f?r the benefit ?f owners and m?n?g?r? r?th?r th?n to m??t ?rg?niz?ti?n?l g??l?.W?b?r w?? ??nvin??d that organizations based ?n r?ti?n?l ?uth?rit?, wh?r? authority w?? giv?n t? the most ??m??t?nt and qu?lifi?d ????l?, w?uld be m?r? efficient th?n th??? based ?n wh? you knew.W?b?r called this t??? ?f r?ti?n?l ?rg?niz?ti?n a bur??u?r???.In his ?n?l??i? ?f ???i?l ???t?m?, h? identified that ???h social ???t?m was m?int?in?d b? th? interaction ?f thr?? r?l?t?d concepts: ??w?r, authority and l?gitim???.P?W?R: It i? exercised by ???r?i?n. P?w?r ?n?bl?? one person or a ruler t? u?? f?r?? ?v?r ?n?th?r.AUTH?RIT?: it has a ???t?m of b?li?f? that gives th? rul?r ?r a person th? right t? i??u? th? ?rd?r and gives th? f?ll?w?r? the duty t? ?b?? it with?ut questioning. Auth?rit? implies acceptance ?f rul? b? those ?v?r wh?m it i? t? b? ?x?r?i??d.LEGITIMACY: If individuals in a ???i?t? or in an ?rg?niz?ti?n m?m?riz? th?t th? ??w?r held b? th? rul?r i? right ?nd acceptable, it legitimizes th? exercise ?f ?uth?rit?.W?b?r ??ught t? id?ntif? th? r????n? wh? individu?l? act in ??rt?in ways in an organization ?nd wh? they ?b?? th??? in ?uth?rit? ?v?r th?m.H? f?und th?t ????l? obey th??? in authority b???u?? ?f the influ?n?? ?f thr?? t???? of l?gitim?t? ?uth?rit?.In ?th?r w?rd?, W?b?r id?ntifi?d ?nd described thr?? t???? of ?uth?rit? structures ?nd th? ???t?m of b?li?f b? which ?n? ?uth?rit? is l?gitim?t?d.TR?DITI?N?L ?UTH?RIT?: tr?diti?n?l ?uth?rit? r??t? ?n th? beliefs, traditions ?nd ?u?t?m?. Individu?l? ?b?? th? ?uth?rit? because ?f th?ir tr?diti?n? ?r ?u?t?m?. A ??r??n ?nj??? personal authority b? virtu? ?f their inh?rit?d / inborn ?t?tu?. Simil?rl?, individuals ?b?? th? ?uth?rit? b???u?? of th?ir f?ith, tr?diti?n ?nd ?u?t?m related to th? ??r??n. Admini?tr?tiv? ????r?tu? in thi? kind of ?uth?ri t? consists ?f th? ??r??n?l relatives, favourites, ?nd servants.CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY: Thi? t??? ?f ?uth?rit? i? l?gitim?t?d ?n th? b?li?f th?t authority h?? ??m? kind ?f magical or gift?d ??w?r. L?gitim??? in authority arises from l???lt? t?, ??nfid?n?? in ?nd ??r??n?l ?u?liti?? of th? ??r??n/rul?r. Admini?tr?tiv? ????r?tu? ?r ?uth?rit? ?tru?tur? in thi? type ?f ?uth?rit? is v?r? loose ?nd unstable ?nd consists ?f faithful f?ll?w?r?.RATIONAL-LEGAL ?UTH?RIT?: Rational l?g?l ?uth?rit? i? n?t owed t? anyone personally rather r??t? ?n th? r?ti?n?ll? enacted l?w?, rul?? ?nd r?gul?ti?n? that specify the rul?? th?t individuals ?h?uld ?b??. Th? authority arises because ?f th? ?ffi?? or position ?f the ??r??n in authority. Th? person in ?uth?rit? i? b?und?d/ r??tri?t?d b? th? rul??, regulations ?nd procedures ?f th? organization. Sub?rdin?t?? ?b?? th? ?uth?rit? ?f ?u??ri?r b???u?? the ?u??ri?r h?? l?g?l ?uth?rit?.F??TUR?? ?F W?B?R’? BUREAUCRACY W?b?r has giv?n a number of f??tur?? ?f bure aucracy.The f?ll?wing f??tur?? ?ugg??t th? characteristics ?f bur??u?r?ti? ?rg?ni??ti?n? ?? d?fin?d b? W?b?r.Selection Based on QualificationsOffi?i?l? ?r? recruited based ?n qu?lifi??ti?n?, and are appointed, n?t elected, t? th? office. People ?r? compensated with a ??l?r?, and ?r? n?t ??m??n??t?d with b?n?fit? such as rights to l?nd, power ?t?.A bureaucracy i? founded ?n rational-legal authority.This t??? ?f authority rests on the b?li?f in th? l?g?lit? of f?rm?l rul?? ?nd hi?r?r?hi??, ?nd in th? right ?f those ?l?v?t?d in th? hi?r?r?h? t? ??????? ?uth?rit? and issue commands.Auth?rit? i? giv?n to officials b???d on their skills, position and authority placed f?rm?ll? in each position.Thi? ?h?uld di??l??? ??rli?r t???? administrative ???t?m?, where ?uth?rit? w?? l?gitimiz?d b???d ?n ?th?r, ?nd m?r? individu?l, ?????t? ?f ?uth?rit? like wealth, ???iti?n, ownership, h?rit?g? etc.HierarchyA hi?r?r?h? with assignments fl?wing downward ?nd accountability fl?wing u?w?rd.Th? ?rg?niz?ti?n is divid?d int? ?l??r-?ut l?v?l?.E??h level ???ign? r????n?ibiliti?? t? th? l?v?l b?n??th it, whil? each lower level is accountable to th? l?v?l ?b?v? f?r fulfilling those ???ignm?nt?.Hierarchy i? a system ?f r?nking v?ri?u? ???iti?n? in d????nding scale from t?? t? bottom ?f the ?rg?ni??ti?n. In bur??u?r?ti? organization, ?ffi??? also f?ll?w th? ?rin?i?l? of hierarchy i.e., each l?w?r ?ffi?? is subject t? ??ntr?l ?nd ?u??rvi?i?n b? high?r ?ffi??.Thu?, n? ?ffi?? is l?ft un??ntr?ll?d in th? organization.This i? the fund?m?nt?l ??n???t of hi?r?r?h? in bur??u?r?ti? ?rg?ni??ti?n. Thi? hi?r?r?h? serves ?? lin?? ?f ??mmuni??ti?n ?nd d?l?g?ti?n ?f ?uth?rit?. It im?li?? that ??mmuni??ti?n ??ming d?wn ?r g?ing u? mu?t pass thr?ugh each ???iti?n.Simil?rl?, a subordinate will get ?uth?rit? from his imm?di?t? ?u??ri?r. H?w?v?r, thi? hi?r?r?h? i? n?t unit?r? but sub-pyramids of ?ffi?i?l? within th? l?rg? organization ??rr????nding ?t?. functional divisions exist.Thu?, th?r? ?r? offices with th? same amount ?f ?uth?rit? but with diff?r?nt kind? of functions ???r?ting in diff?r?nt ?r??? ?f ??m??t?n??.For ?x?m?l?, the G?v?rnm?nt organizations, w? ??n ?b??rv? separate offices l??king ?ft?r particular functions. Thi? h????n? in business organizations too.Division of WorkE??h member ?f a bureaucracy has a ????ifi? t??k t? fulfil, ?nd all ?f th? t??k? ?r? th?n ???rdin?t?d t? ????m?li?h th? purpose ?f the ?rg?niz?ti?n.In a ??ll?g?, f?r ?x?m?l?, a t???h?r does n?t run th? h??ting ???t?m, th? ?r??id?nt does n?t teach, ?nd a ???r?t?r? d??? not ?v?lu?t? t?xtb??k?.Th??? t??k? ?r? di?tribut?d ?m?ng ????l? wh? have been trained to d? th?m.W?rk of th? ?rg?ni??ti?n is divid?d on the b??i? ?f ????i?li??ti?n t? take th? ?dv?nt?g?? of division of labour. E??h ?ffi?? in th? bureaucratic ?rg?ni??ti?n has ????ifi? ??h?r? of ??m??t?n??.Thi? inv?lv??:A sphere ?f ?blig?ti?n? t? ??rf?rm fun?ti?n? which has b??n marked ?ff as part ?f a ???t?m?ti? divi?i?n of labour;Th? ?r?vi?i?n ?f the incumbent wit h n??????r? ?uth?rit? t? ??rr? out th??? functions; ?ndTh? n??????r? m??n? ?f ??m?ul?i?n ?r? clearly defined and th?ir u?? is ?ubj??t t? d?finit? ??nditi?n?.Thu?, divi?i?n ?f l?b?ur try t? ?n?ur? th?t ???h ?ffi?? h?? a ?l??rl?-d?fin?d ?r?? ?f ??m??t?n?? within th? organization and ???h ?ffi?i?l kn?w? th? ?r??? in which h? ???r?t?? ?nd th? areas in which h? mu?t ?b?t?in fr?m action ?? that he does not overstep th? boundary b?tw??n his role ?nd th??? of ?th?r?.Further, divi?i?n ?f l?b?ur also tri?? to ?n?ur? th?t no work i? l?ft un??v?r?d.Official RulesA b??i? ?nd most ?m?h??i??d f??tur? ?f bur??u?r?ti? organization i? th?t ?dmini?tr?tiv? ?r????? is ??ntinu?u? ?nd g?v?rn?d b? ?ffi?i?l rules.In th?ir attempt t? b???m? ?ffi?i?nt, bureaucracies stress writt?n ?r???dur??.In general, the l?ng?r a bureaucracy ?xi?t? ?nd th? l?rg?r it gr?w?, the more writt?n rules it h??.The rul?? of ??m? bur??u?r??i?? ??v?r just ?b?ut every im?gin?bl? situationa r?ti?n?l ???r???h to organization calls for a ???t?m ?f m?int?ining rules t? ?n?ur? twin r?quir?m?nt? ?f unif?rmit? ?nd ???rdin?ti?n ?f ?ff?rt? by individu?l members in the ?rg?ni??ti?n.Th??? rul?? are m?r? ?r less stable and more ?r l??? ?xh?u?tiv?. Wh?n there i? n? rule ?n ?n? ?????t ?f ?rg?ni??ti?n?l ???r?ti?n, the m?tt?r i? r?f?rr?d u?w?rd f?r d??i?i?n which ?ub???u?ntl? becomes precedent f?r futur? decision ?n th? ?imil?r m?tt?r.Rul?? provide th? b?n?fit? of stability, ??ntinuit?, and ?r?di?t?bilit? and ???h ?ffi?i?l knows ?r??i??l? the ?ut??m? of hi? behaviour in a ??rti?ul?r m?tt?r.Standard ???r?ting procedure, ?l?? ??ll?d formalized rul??, SOP informs w?rk?r? about how t? h?ndl? t??k? ?nd ?itu?ti?n?.Everybody ?lw??? follows the ??m? procedures t? increase efficiency and ?r?di?t?bilit? ?? that the ?rg?niz?ti?n will ?r?du?? ?imil?r results in ?imil?r circumstances.Standard operating ?r???dur? ??n ??m?tim?? make bur??u?r??? m?v? ?l?wl? because n?w procedures mu?t b? developed as ?ir?um?t?n??? ?h?ng?Impersonal Relationship sA n?t?bl? feature ?f bureaucracy is th?t relationships ?m?ng individu?l? ?r? g?v?rn?d through th? ???t?m ?f ?ffi?i?l ?uth?rit? ?nd rules.Offi?i?l positions ?r? free fr?m ??r??n?l involvement, emotions and ??ntim?nt?. Thus, d??i?i?n? ?r? g?v?rn?d by r?ti?n?l factors r?th?r th?n ??r??n?l factors.Thi? im??r??n?lit? ??n???t i? used in dealing with organizational r?l?ti?n? as w?ll as r?l?ti?n? b?tw??n the organization ?nd ?ut?id?r?.Official RecordBureaucratic ?rg?ni??ti?n i? characterised by m?int?n?n?? ?f ?r???r ?ffi?i?l r???rd?.The decisions ?nd ??tiviti?? of th? organization ?r? f?rm?ll? r???rd?d ?nd ?r???rv?d f?r futur? r?f?r?n??.Thi? is made ????ibl? b? ?xt?n?iv? u?? ?f filling system in th? ?rg?ni??ti?n.An official record i? almost regarded as ?n?n???l????di? ?f various ??tiviti?? ??rf?rm?d b? th? ????l? in th? organization.ADVANTAGES OF BUREAUCRACYW?b?r’? id??l bur??u?r??? h?? been designed to bring r?ti?n?lit? ?nd ?r?di?t?bilit? of b?h?vi?ur in ?rg?ni??ti?n? and b???u?? of it? ?h?r??t?ri?ti? features it ??ntribut?? t? the ?ffi?i?n?? in ???r?ti?n?.Weber treats bureaucracy ?? a ?u??ri?r f?rm ?f ?rg?ni??ti?n b???u?? it embodies th? v?lu?? ?f precision ?ffi?i?n??, ?bj??tivit?, unit?, discipline ?nd the like.Bur??u?r??? in Weber’s ??ini?n i? ?n administration d?vi?? that h?l?? in ??hi?ving th? following:SpecializationIt ?r?vid?? the ?dv?nt?g?? of specialization b???u?? every member i? assigned a specialized t??k t? perform. It l??d? t? ?ffi?i?n?? in th? ?rg?ni??ti?n.S???i?li??ti?n leads to ?im?lifi??ti?n and ?tr??mlining diff?r?nt t??k? in th? ?rg?ni??ti?n.B? ?n?uring that th? right m?n i? fitt?d t? th? right j?b, ????i?li??ti?n tends to ?r?m?t? efficiency ?nd discipline in j?b ??rf?rm?n??.Reduction in AmbiguityThe well-defined framework ?f rules and regulations r?du??? th? ?mbiguit? and ?nxi?t? ?m?ng ????l? ?? ?n? b?h?v?? in a required m?nn?r.Th? r???ti?n? under diff?r?nt situations ?r? w?ll known in ?dv?n?? ?? guid?lin?? ?xi?t in writing.Assurance of Impa rtialityC?nf?rmit? to rules ?nd regulations reduces th? n??d f?r di??r?ti?n t? th? minimum l?v?l and ?r?t??t? th? rights and r????n?ibiliti?? ?f employees fr?m b?ing tr??t?d ?rbitr?ril?.The ???t?m of im??r??n?l r?l?ti?n?hi?? in ?rg?ni??ti?n? i? to ?n?ur? impartial and ?bj??tiv? handling ?f ????l? ?nd ?v?nt?.SstructureA ?tru?tur? i? created f?r ??rf?rming th? duti?? ?nd r????n?ibilit?.It ??t? th? fr?m?w?rk f?r the functioning ?f the ?rg?niz?ti?n. People ?r? given t??k? ????rding to their ??m??t?n??.Th?r? i? a proper d?l?g?ti?n of ?uth?rit? in th? ?rg?ni??ti?n.Hierarchy Facilitates OrganizationHierarchy h?l?? in the ?ffi?i?nt ??rf?rm?n?? ?f ?rg?ni??ti?n?l fun?ti?n? b? f??ilit?ting ??mmuni??ti?n, control and ???rdin?ti?nRationality and ConsistencyA measure ?f objectivity is ?n?ur?d b? ?r???ribing in ?dv?n?? th? ?rit?ri? f?r decision m?king in routine ?itu?ti?n?.The d??i?i?n? are t?k?n as per th? l?w?, rules, ?nd r?gul?ti?n?.Th?? do n?t g? b? th?ir whim?, ?m?ti?n?, ?r ?r?judi???. Th? b? h?vi?ur ?f the ?m?l????? i? rational and predictable.B???u?? ?f the d?fin?d rules and r?gul?ti?n?, ?ll ??ti?n? ?r? t?k?n ??r?full?.Th?r? is ??n?i?t?n?? in actions. Th? j?b performance i? r?gul?t?d.ProfessionalizationThe qu?lifi??ti?n? and ??m??t?n?? ?f th? ??r??n? f?r ?m?l??m?nt in different jobs ?r?m?t? ?r?f???i?n?li?m.DemocracyEm?h??i? on qu?lifi??ti?n? ?nd t??hni??l ??m??t?n?? m?k? th? organization m?r? d?m??r?ti?.LIMITATIONS OF BUREAUCRACYThi? kind ?f id??l, im??r??n?l and ?bj??tiv? form ?f m?n?g?m?nt emerged in l?t? 1800s as a r??ult of M?x W?b?r’? disliking ?f m?n? Eur????n ?rg?niz?ti?n? whi?h were being organized and managed ?n a “??r??n?l” f?mil?-lik? b??i?.The ?m?l????? w?r? ??mmitt?d t? individu?l ?u??rvi??r? rather than the organization.He believed th?t it i? im??rt?nt that organizations are m?n?g?d im??r??n?ll? within a formal ?rg?niz?ti?n?l structure, wh?r? specific rules are f?ll?w?d.H? thought th?t ?uth?rit? is n?t based on a ??r??n? ??r??n?lit? but something th ?t i? ??rt ?f a ??r??n? j?b. It ?h?uld b? ?????d on fr?m individu?l to individual ?? ?n? ??r??n l??v?? ?nd ?n?th?r t?k?? ?v?r.But ?v?r a period ?f tim? the in??n?i?t?n?i?? developed in this kind ?f ?rg?ni??ti?n.Rigidity of RulesRul?? and r?gul?ti?n? in a bureaucracy ?r? ?ft?n rigid ?nd infl?xibl?.Rigid ?nd ?tri?t ??m?li?n?? ?f rul?? and regulations di???ur?g?? individu?l initi?tiv? ?nd ?r??tivit? ?nd hinders th? personality d?v?l??m?nt.Also m?tur? people h?v? th?ir ?wn g??l? and needs whi?h m?? go ?g?in?t th? ?rg?ni??ti?n?l g??l? and create ??nfli?t. The bureaucratic ?rg?ni??ti?n does n?t giv? any ??r ?r importance t? th? individu?l goals.Departmentalize or Empire BuildingBureaucracy ?n??ur?g?? th? ?vil w?rk ?f government int? a numb?r ?f isolated ?nd ??lf-d???nd?nt ???ti?n? ???h ?ur?uing it? ?wn needs without ?n? ?d?qu?t? ??rr?l?ti?n with th? r??t.Bureaucracy Loves Tradition and Stands for ConservatismD?v?l??? a negative ????h?l?g? that br??d? non-transparency ?nd stoppage to inf?r m?ti?n.Non Recognition of Informal GroupsThe bureaucratic ?rg?ni??ti?n r???gni??? ?nl? the f?rm?l authority and thus d??? n?t giv? ?n? importance t? the existence ?f interpersonal r?l?ti?n? ?nd informal ?rg?ni??ti?n within th? ?rg?ni??ti?n.ImpersonalityOrg?niz?ti?n?l rul?? ?nd regulations are given more ?ri?rit? ?v?r individual n??d? ?nd ?m?ti?n?. Th?r? i? a lack ?f personal touch.Non Innovative in NatureInn?v?ti?n? are di???ur?g?d in ?u?h organizations since ???h employee w?rk? in w?ll-d?fin?d ?r?di?t?bl? mannerPaper WorkIt inv?lv?? a l?t ?f ????r work ?? ?v?r? decision mu?t b? put in writing. It is very diffi?ult t? maintain ?ll ????r? safely. Thu?, th? v?r? foundation ?f ?u?h organization comes ?t ?t?k?.Unhealthy PracticesTh? rigid ?nd ?tr?ng ?dh?r?n?? ?f rul?? binds th? ????l? t? f?ll?w rul?? ?nd r?gul?ti?n?. The people start following th? ?rin?i?l? of “????l? f?r rul??” and n?t “rul?? f?r people”.People start f?ll?wing th? rul?? in l?tt?r and n?t in ??irit.Thu? in?t??d of ?r?viding guid?n??, rul?? b???m? th? source ?f in?ffi?i?n??. Th? rul?? ?r? misused ?nd misinterpreted b? th? ????l? wh? are concerned with im?l?m?nt?ti?n.Non EffectiveTh? bur??u?r?ti? ?rg?ni??ti?n i? not ?ff??tiv? in turbul?nt ?nvir?nm?nt?. It cannot und?rg? the change d?m?nd?d by the f??t changing ?nvir?nm?nt.Sin?? everything i? ?r?-d?fin?d and well d?fin?d. Th? turbul?nt environment ?f future could n?t h?v? b??n writt?n w?ll in ?dv?n??.Hampers CommunicationTh? bur??u?r?ti? organizations u?u?ll? have ??v?r?l l???r? of ?uth?rit?.These layers h?m??r ??mmuni??ti?n. It may t?k? l?ng tim? t? r???h fr?m top level to l?w??t level.And ??m?tim?? th? ??mmuni??ti?n m?? even l???? it? ??n?tit? b?f?r? it reaches ?t the l?w??t l?v?l.Red TapeBur??u?r?ti? ?r???dur?? involve unn??????r? delay whi?h l??d? to fru?tr?ti?n in the ??rf?rm?n?? of t??k.COMPATIBILITY OF WEBERS PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT IN TODAYS WORLDBur??u?r?ti? ?rg?niz?ti?n i? a v?r? rigid type of ?rg?niz?ti?n.Th?? ?r? b?und b? rigid c ontrols and ??nt find themselves adaptable to changing conditions in th? m?rk?t?l???, indu?tr? ?r l?g?l ?nvir?nm?nt.Vodafone UK’s Approach to Flexibility ProductivityL??king ?t th? bu?in??? wh?n I ?rriv?d, I realised th?t whil? Vodafone UK? ?r?du?t? ?nd ??rvi??? r?m?in?d inn?v?tiv? ?nd ??m??titiv?, its ??r??r?t? ?ultur? w?? t?? rigid f?r th? f??t-????d m?rk?t ?nd t?? ?ut??r?ti? t? ?ttr??t the best n?w t?l?nt. Gu? Laurence, CEO Vodafone UK.Vodafone UK idea w?? th?t if th? company ?x???t? it? customers t? bu? it? ?r?du?t?, it ?h?uld ?l?? be willing t? use th??? ?r?du?t?.V?d?f?n? UK r?f?rm?d their organization b? bringing a change in their workplace, ?nd ?h?ng? in th?ir w?rk ?nvir?nm?nt lik? no assigned ?ffi??? ?r d??k?, n? t?th?r?d ?h?n?? or computers, a v?ri?t? ?f purpose-built m??ting ??????, a t?ugh ?l??n desk and l?t? ?f ??ff??.Th? results w?r? imm?di?t? and int?n??: high r?v?nu? growth ?nd corporate ??luti?n?.The US Invasion on IraqWebers ?uth?rit? t???? help t? ?x?l?in th? US invading Ir?q in M?r?h 2003. It w?? th? charismatic ?uth?rit?, ??r??nifi?d b? US President G??rg? W. Bu?h whi?h l??d t? thi? invasion.H? w?? able t? influ?n?? th? American ???ul??? for the urg?n?? to ?tt??k Ir?q.It is ?l?? said th?t, a majority ?f Am?ri??n? w?r? ?ff??tiv?l? influenced by Bu?h in wh?t?v?r he did. Th?ugh there w?? a ??nfli?ti?n in l?g?l authority internationally, ?? Bush did n?t respect int?rn?ti?n?l l?w? ?nd th? UN b? ?u?h ?n illegal ??t.Ev?n though thi? inv??i?n w?? ill?g?l, th? int?rn?ti?n?l community ?nd legal ?uth?rit? ?f th? UN were not ?bl? to ?nf?r?? int?rn?ti?n?l l?w ?r to stop th? US invasion.R?ti?n?l L?g?l Auth?rit? Authority ?m??w?r?d b? l?g?l ?nd n?tur?l law. This ?uth?rit? h?? f?und strong r??t? in the m?d?rn state, ?it? g?v?rnm?nt?, ?riv?t? ?nd public ??r??r?ti?n?, and v?ri?u? voluntary associations.While W?b?r? th??r? ?ri?ritiz?? efficiency, it isnt n??????ril? th? best practice for l??d?r? to implement.  Max W?b?r w?? unlike most workplace l??d?r? today.Hi? theory ?f m?n?g?m?nt he ?tr????d ?tri?t rul?? ?nd a firm di?tributi?n of power. He wouldve ???ld?d todays m?n?g?r?(m??t ?f wh?m are ???n t? new id??? ?nd fl?xibl? w?rk arrangements) f?r th?ir l??d?r?hi? style.Pr??i?i?n, ????d, un?mbiguit?, knowledge ?f files, continuity, discretion, unit?, ?tri?t subordination, r?du?ti?n of friction ?nd ?f m?t?ri?l, ?nd personal costs â€" th??? ?r? r?i??d t? th? optimum ??int in th? ?tri?tl? bureaucratic administration ??id W?b?r.While hi? theory ?ri?ritiz?? ?ffi?i?n??, it i?nt necessarily th? b??t practice for l??d?r? to im?l?m?nt. Many ?f W?b?r? b?li?f? di???ur?g? ?r??tivit? and collaboration in th? w?rk?l???, and ?????? fl?xibilit? and risk. H?r? ?r? ??m? key ?l?m?nt? ?f th? M?x Weber management th??r? and h?w it ?ff??t? today’s w?rk ?l???.W?b?r b?li?v?d th?t r????n?ibiliti?? ?h?uld b? delegated b???d ?n ?kill ?nd ?bilit?.Th?r? ?h?uld b? no fl?xibl? roles. R?th?r, ?m?l????? ?h?uld b? ?w?r? ?f their ???iti?n? r????n?ibiliti?? and ?ti? k t? them. Str??ing ?ut?id? of th?ir designated r?l?? will disrupt th? hi?r?r?h? ?f ?uth?rit?.Therefore, collaboration, ?r??tiv? thinking ?nd idea ?it?hing ?r? ?l?? ?tr?ngl? di???ur?g?d.Hierarchy encourages the di?tributi?n ?f ??w?r among w?rk?r?. Em?l????? ranked high??t h?v? th? most ??w?r, while ?m?l????? r?nk?d l?w??t must report to th??? above th?m.W?rk?r? ?h?uld r?????t their ?u??rvi??r? ?nd b? ??rt?in n?t t? ?v?r?t?? any b?und?ri?? irrespective ?f wh?t qualification or kn?wl?dg? th?t th?? ???????.Weber called for ?nl? the m??t id??l candidates with th? ?x??t ?kill ??t r?quir?d f?r th? position t? ?n?ur? th? b??t results. Th?r? ?h?uld b? no nepotism or ?x???ti?n? t? th??? high ?t?nd?rd?. If a person is not ??rf??tl? qu?lifi?d, th?? ?r? n?t a fit.Just b???u?? a ??ndid?t? i? easy t? get ?l?ng with ?r w?rk? w?ll with others doesnt mean theyre right for th? job. Th? hiring d??i?i?n should b? b???d ??l?l? ?n their experience ?nd ?x??rti??.Weber did n?t condone ?n? type ?f personal relationship in th? workplace. H? supported th? n?ti?n th?t all w?rk r?l?ti?n?hi?? ?r? br?nd?d by rul?? and r?gul?ti?n?. There ?h?uld b? no ?m?ll t?lk, ??ll?b?r?ti?n ?r sharing of ideas. W?rk is w?rk â€" n?t a social ?uting.Some ?f these rules no longer w?rk f?r u? today. Th??? days, r????r?h h?? t?ld u? th?t m?tiv?t?d w?rk?r? ?r? m?r? efficient ?nd d?liv?r better r??ult? ?n th?ir work.A? a result, m?n?g?r? have to find creative w??? t? m?tiv?t? their workers.And th??? creative rul?? ?r? not really in ??nf?rmit? with Webers rules. T?k? f?r example, m?n?g?r? ?nd employees b?ing ?n first n?m? basis, ?r giving w?rk?r? flexibility.This t??? ?f ??tivit? i? ?tr?ngl? ??????d by W?b?r.CONCLUSIONReal life organizations wh?th?r ?ubli? ?nd private, d? ?xhibit v?r?ing d?gr??? ?f bureaucratization even today.H?w?v?r, it is more in g?v?rnm?nt?l and milit?r? ?rg?niz?ti?n? than in ?riv?t? bu?in??? and voluntary ?rg?ni??ti?n?. Yet it i? n?t f?ll?w?d by bu?in??? h?u??? in it? r??l ideal form and that ’s why th? th??ri?? n??d?d to be evolved furth?r.A? a matter of f??t, though th? bur??u?r?ti? theory of Max W?b?r i? ?ft?n ?riti?i??d as a slow ???r???h t? m?n?g?m?nt and increased ?r?du?tivit?, it is ?till one ?f th? only ???r???h?? th?t makes it ????ibl? to m?n?g? l?rg? gr?u?? and organizations ?u?????full?.Think about it like thi?, h?w w?uld the milit?r? fun?ti?n without bureaucratic?H?w w?uld g?v?rnm?nt really fun?ti?n with strict rul?? ?nd regulations?What i? your ??ini?n?

Good Extracurricular Activities for College Admissions

If youre applying to a college with holistic admissions, including the great majority of schools that use the Common Application, your extracurricular involvement will be a factor in the college admissions process. But what exactly are colleges looking for on the extracurricular front? Prospective college students and their parents frequently ask me what extracurricular activities will most impress college admissions officers, and my answer is always the same: the activity that shows passion and dedication. What Do Colleges Look for in Extracurricular Activities? As you think about your extracurricular involvement, keep these points in mind: Dont be a dabbler. Colleges would rather see the depth of involvement in one or two activities, rather than a large number of extracurricular activities that reflect superficial involvement. It will be more impressive if you are involved with theater for four years rather than theater for a year, yearbook for a year, chorus for a year, and debate team for a year. Show that you are dedicated to developing and deepening your skills. Similarly, with sports, colleges would rather see an applicant focus on a sport for four years and progress from modified to JV to varsity. That student will bring more skills to a college than someone who never spent more than a year testing a sport.Whatever you do, do it well. If you are doing what you love to do, doing it well and taking the lead in the activity, you have found the perfect extracurricular activity. Something quirky like being an expert at Rubiks Cube can turn into a meaningful extracurricular activity that will be attractive to college a dmissions offices.The actual activity doesnt much matter. No one activity is better than another. Drama, music, sports, yearbook, dance, community service...Any one of these can be a winner on a college application if you reveal dedication, leadership, and passion. Colleges offer a wide range of sports, clubs, musical ensembles, theater groups, and student organizations. The college wants to enroll a group of students with diverse interests.Make sure your activity aligns with the college. Do your research so that you know what extracurricular activities are offered at the schools to which you apply. If you are a virtuoso on the violin and your college application discusses your desire to continue violin in college, youd better make sure the college actually offers opportunities for playing violin (or make sure the college has opportunities for you to start your own string ensemble). Colleges arent simply looking for students with meaningful extracurricular involvement. They are look ing for students whose meaningful extracurricular involvement will be an asset to the school.Leadership comes in many forms. Leadership in extracurricular activities doesnt mean standing in front of a group and giving orders. Leadership can involve designing the set of a play, being section leader in the band, organizing a fundraiser, starting a club related to the activity, designing a groups website, or, of course, serving as an officer for a student organization.Work experience counts. Finally, keep in mind that colleges are also happy to see work experiences on your application, and schools understand when your work schedule prevents you from being as involved in extracurricular activities at your school as other students. Here, as with other extracurricular activities, some work experiences will be more impressive than others. Have you won any awards for doing your job well? Have you been promoted? Did you accomplish anything innovative for your employer? The bottom line: Any extracurricular involvement is good, but your dedication and level of involvement is what will really make your application shine. The table below can help illustrate this idea: Activity Good Better Truly Impressive Drama Club You were a member of the stage crew for a play. You played small parts in plays for all four years of high school. You moved from small roles to lead roles during your four years of high school, and you helped direct a play in the elementary school. Band You played flute in the concert band in 9th and 10th grade. You played flute for four years in the concert band and were 1st chair by senior year. You played flute in the concert band (1st chair), marching band (section leader), pep band, and orchestra for four years. You played in the All-State Band your senior year. Soccer You played JV soccer in 9th and 10th grade. You played JV soccer in 9th grade and varsity soccer in 10th, 11th, and 12th grades. You played soccer all four years of high school, and you were team captain and a top scorer during your senior year. You were chosen for the All-State Team. Habitat for Humanity You assisted building houses one summer. You worked on multiple projects every year of high school. You worked on multiple projects every year of high school, and you organized fundraising events and lined up sponsors to support the projects. Extracurricular Activities

Albert Ellis s Theory Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Albert Ellis Albert Ellis was one of the most influential psychotherapists in the establishment of cognitive behavioral therapy because he founded Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Ellis was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1913. He had low emotional attachment with his parents because his parents being emotionally distant from him and his siblings. He took great responsibility in raising his two younger siblings. He graduated in 1934 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business. After graduating from college, he started a business and attempted to be a writer, but those efforts did not bring him successfulness. Then, he decided to involve in the field of clinical psychology by enrolling in PhD degree in 1942 and obtained the degree in 1947. Before he completed his PhD degree, he published several articles that criticized personality tests. He studied various psychological theories and he was inspired by Sigmund Freud’s works, which caused him to further his knowledge by studying and practicing psychoanalysis. As he was further studying psychoanalysis, he questioned the effectiveness of psychoanalysis and decided to develop a more directive psychotherapy. In the late 40s and 50s, he developed Rational Therapy (RT) and changed the name to REBT later. His idea was not widely acceptable during that time, but that did not stop him from establishing â€Å"The Institute for Rational Living† in 1959. In the 60s, Ellis worked with many religious practitioners to increase theShow MoreRelatedPsychodynamic Approaches And Psychodynamic Therapy1683 Words   |  7 Pagesthought-focused treatment and psychoanalytical /psychodynamic approaches will be examined by comparison; to understand their differences. One thought-focused treatment is called Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). â€Å"CBT is certainly the most widely used therapy today, probably because it is based upon well-established learning theory and has concrete, identifiable procedures and goals.† ( McCarty Archer, 2013). CBT is typically a structured, short-term treatment that focuses on a very specific problem;Read MoreThe Theoretical Foundations Of A. T. Becks Cognitive Therapy And Ellis s Rational Emotional Behavioral Therapy1170 Words   |  5 PagesEllis and Beck The theoretical foundations of A. T. Becks cognitive therapy and Ellis’s rational emotional behavioral therapy 0will be used to assess Jane`s situation. The two comes up with different opinions towards Jane’s situation. Both of them have come up with different opinions although they have some similarities. Ellis and Beck all lay under one circumstance. Albert Ellis views the therapist as a teacher and does not think a warm personal relationship with a client is essential. In contrastRead MoreThe father of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy is Albert Ellis1416 Words   |  6 PagesThe father of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is Albert Ellis. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1913, New York became Dr. Ellis’ home since his family move there when he was four years old. Ellis struggled with health problems and physical ailments from childhood until his death in 2007. As a child, Ellis survived on his own as his parents were absent. His father was a traveling business person and his mother was emotionally absent (Albert Ellis Institute, 2012). The foundation of REBTRead MoreHow Thought Focused Treatment Systems Are Inherently Different From Psychoanalytical / Psychodynamic Approaches1444 Words   |  6 Pagesapproaches in treating psychological dysfunctions. a. A thought-focused treatment and psychoanalytical /psychodynamic approaches can be examined by comparison; to understand their differences. One thought-focused treatment is called Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). CBT is a structured, short-term treatment that focuses on a very specific problem; whereby the counselor â€Å"helps† the client understand the relationship of their conscious- thoughts and behaviors to issues they are experiencing inRead MoreThe Basics of Cognitive Theory in Relation to the Development of Abnormal Behavior1773 Words   |  8 PagesOctober 2011 Approved†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Explain the basics of cognitive theory in relation to the development of abnormal behavior. Use Aaron T. Beck and Albert Ellis as theorists for reference. If you believe the saying Perception is everything, then you may well be a cognitivist.   According to the cognitive perspective, people engage in abnormal behavior because of particular thoughts and behaviors that are often based upon their false assumptions. Cognitives believe that without these thought processes, weRead MoreRational Emotive Behavior Therapy : Theory, Techniques And Applications Used During Group Therapy1674 Words   |  7 PagesRational-Emotive Behavior Therapy The Theory, Techniques And Applications used During Group Therapy Donna Garrison Group Dynamics and Counseling (CP 6610) Troy University â€Æ' The following paper will attempt to describe Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), its theory, techniques and applications during group. REBT is a method of therapy developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950’s. Ellis developed his theory and therapy in reaction to what he saw as the inadequate techniquesRead MoreExploring Cognitive Behavior Theory And Therapy897 Words   |  4 PagesExploring Cognitive Behavior Theory and Therapy From the time of the advent of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and therapy until now, psychologists have searched for new and better ways to both understand and treat the human psyche. Many psychologists have spent their lives analyzing the complexities of human thought, behavior, and interactions with societal influences in order to find new ways to guide humans towards a more fulfilling human experience. Throughout time, various theories and modelsRead MoreCognitive Theories Of Cognitive Behavioral Theories999 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive-behavioral theories theorize that human behavior is caused by internal or mental events, and in addition to external events proposed by behavioral theories. Research suggests that cognitive-behavioral theories have shifted their focus, as seen in the first, second, and third waves of the theories. For example, initially the focus of cognitive theories was on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts. However, recent models of c ognitive theories seek to help people evaluate, and changeRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy And Therapy1201 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many that have contributed to cognitive behavior therapy or CBT throughout the years but we are going to focus on the founders of modern day CBT, Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. Ellis is responsible for the Rational emotive behavior therapy, the first of the CBT in the 1960’s. The bases of REBT is suggest that a patient’s emotional distressed stems from their thoughts about a traumatic event, and not the event itself. Ellis developed this approach as a means to get over his personal problemsRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)1559 Words   |  7 PagesAssumptions and Definition Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes. This is an effective treatment for patients who are dealing with anxiety and depression. CBT refers to a group of psychotherapies that incorporate techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are the two psychologists who came up with therapies. Beck developed the cognitive therapy (CT) that focuses on changing the

Lamb The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 1 Free Essays

Prologue The angel was cleaning out his closets when the call came. Halos and moonbeams were sorted into piles according to brightness, satchels of wrath and scabbards of lightning hung on hooks waiting to be dusted. A wineskin of glory had leaked in the corner and the angel blotted it with a wad of fabric. We will write a custom essay sample on Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each time he turned the cloth a muted chorus rang from the closet, as if he’d clamped the lid down on a pickle jar full of Hallelujah Chorus. â€Å"Raziel, what in heaven’s name are you doing?† The archangel Stephan was standing over him, brandishing a scroll like a rolled-up magazine over a piddling puppy. â€Å"Orders?† the angel asked. â€Å"Dirt-side.† â€Å"I was just there.† â€Å"Two millennia ago.† â€Å"Really?† Raziel checked his watch, then tapped the crystal. â€Å"Are you sure?† â€Å"What do you think?† Stephan held out the scroll so Raziel could see the Burning Bush seal. â€Å"When do I leave? I was almost finished here.† â€Å"Now. Pack the gift of tongues and some minor miracles. No weapons, it’s not a wrath job. You’ll be undercover. Very low profile, but important. It’s all in the orders.† Stephan handed him the scroll. â€Å"Why me?† â€Å"I asked that too.† â€Å"And?† â€Å"I was reminded why angels are cast out.† â€Å"Whoa! That big?† Stephan coughed, clearly an affectation, since angels didn’t breathe. â€Å"I’m not sure I’m supposed to know, but the rumor is that it’s a new book.† â€Å"You’re kidding. A sequel? Revelations 2, just when you thought it was safe to sin?† â€Å"It’s a Gospel.† â€Å"A Gospel, after all this time? Who?† â€Å"Levi who is called Biff.† Raziel dropped his rag and stood. â€Å"This has to be a mistake.† â€Å"It comes directly from the Son.† â€Å"There’s a reason Biff isn’t mentioned in the other books, you know? He’s a total – â€Å" â€Å"Don’t say it.† â€Å"But he’s such an asshole.† â€Å"You talk like that and you wonder why you get dirt-duty.† â€Å"Why now, after so long, the four Gospels have been fine so far, and why him?† â€Å"Because it’s some kind of anniversary in dirt-dweller time of the Son’s birth, and he feels it’s time the whole story is told.† Raziel hung his head. â€Å"I’d better pack.† â€Å"Gift of tongues,† Stephan reminded. â€Å"Of course, so I can take crap in a thousand languages.† â€Å"Go get the good news, Raziel. Bring me back some chocolate.† â€Å"Chocolate?† â€Å"It’s a dirt-dweller snack. You’ll like it. Satan invented it.† â€Å"Devil’s food?† â€Å"You can only eat so much white cake, my friend.† Midnight. The angel stood on a barren hillside on the outskirts of the holy city of Jerusalem. He raised his arms aloft and a dry wind whipped his white robe around him. â€Å"Arise, Levi who is called Biff.† A whirlwind formed before him, pulling dust from the hillside into a column that took the shape of a man. â€Å"Arise, Biff. Your time has come.† The wind whipped into a fury and the angel pulled the sleeve of his robe across his face. â€Å"Arise, Biff, and walk again among the living.† The whirlwind began to subside, leaving the man-shaped column of dust standing on the hillside. In a moment, the hillside was calm again. The angel pulled a gold vessel from his satchel and poured it over the column. The dust washed away, leaving a muddy, naked man sputtering in the starlight. â€Å"Welcome back to the living,† the angel said. The man blinked, then held his hand before his eyes as if he expected to see through it. â€Å"I’m alive,† he said in a language he had never heard before. â€Å"Yes,† the angel said. â€Å"What are these sounds, these words?† â€Å"You have been given the gift of tongues.† â€Å"I’ve always had the gift of tongues, ask any girl I’ve known. What are these words?† â€Å"Languages. You’ve been given the gift of languages, as were all the apostles.† â€Å"Then the kingdom has come.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"How long?† â€Å"Two thousand years ago.† â€Å"You worthless bag of dog shit,† said Levi who was called Biff, as he punched the angel in the mouth. â€Å"You’re late.† The angel picked himself up and gingerly touched his lip. â€Å"Nice talk to a messenger of the Lord.† â€Å"It’s a gift,† Biff said. Part I The Boy God is a comedian playing to an audience that is afraid to laugh. VOLTAIRE Chapter 1 You think you know how this story is going to end, but you don’t. Trust me, I was there. I know. The first time I saw the man who would save the world he was sitting near the central well in Nazareth with a lizard hanging out of his mouth. Just the tail end and the hind legs were visible on the outside; the head and forelegs were halfway down the hatch. He was six, like me, and his beard had not come in fully, so he didn’t look much like the pictures you’ve seen of him. His eyes were like dark honey, and they smiled at me out of a mop of blue-black curls that framed his face. There was a light older than Moses in those eyes. â€Å"Unclean! Unclean!† I screamed, pointing at the boy, so my mother would see that I knew the Law, but she ignored me, as did all the other mothers who were filling their jars at the well. The boy took the lizard from his mouth and handed it to his younger brother, who sat beside him in the sand. The younger boy played with the lizard for a while, teasing it until it reared its little head as if to bite, then he picked up a rock and mashed the creature’s head. Bewildered, he pushed the dead lizard around in the sand, and once assured that it wasn’t going anywhere on its own, he picked it up and handed it back to his older brother. Into his mouth went the lizard, and before I could accuse, out it came again, squirming and alive and ready to bite once again. He handed it back to his younger brother, who smote it mightily with the rock, starting or ending the whole process again. I watched the lizard die three more times before I said, â€Å"I want to do that too.† The Savior removed the lizard from his mouth and said, â€Å"Which part?† By the way, his name was Joshua. Jesus is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Yeshua, which is Joshua. Christ is not a last name. It’s the Greek for messiah, a Hebrew word meaning anointed. I have no idea what the â€Å"H† in Jesus H. Christ stood for. It’s one of the things I should have asked him. Me? I am Levi who is called Biff. No middle initial. Joshua was my best friend. The angel says I’m supposed to just sit down and write my story, forget about what I’ve seen in this world, but how am I to do that? In the last three days I have seen more people, more images, more wonders, than in all my thirty-three years of living, and the angel asks me to ignore them. Yes, I have been given the gift of tongues, so I see nothing without knowing the word for it, but what good does that do? Did it help in Jerusalem to know that it was a Mercedes that terrified me and sent me diving into a Dumpster? Moreover, after Raziel pulled me out and ripped my fingernails back as I struggled to stay hidden, did it help to know that it was a Boeing 747 that made me cower in a ball trying to rock away my own tears and shut out the noise and fire? Am I a little child, afraid of its own shadow, or did I spend twenty-seven years at the side of the Son of God? On the hill where he pulled me from the dust, the angel said, â€Å"You will see many strange things. Do not be afraid. You have a holy mission and I will protect you.† Smug bastard. Had I known what he would do to me I would have hit him again. Even now he lies on the bed across the room, watching pictures move on a screen, eating the sticky sweet called Snickers, while I scratch out my tale on this soft-as-silk paper that reads Hyatt Regency, St. Louis at the top. Words, words, words, a million million words circle in my head like hawks, waiting to dive onto the page to rend and tear the only two words I want to write. Why me? There were fifteen of us – well, fourteen after I hung Judas – so why me? Joshua always told me not to be afraid, for he would always be with me. Where are you, my friend? Why have you forsaken me? You wouldn’t be afraid here. The towers and machines and the shine and stink of this world would not daunt you. Come now, I’ll order a pizza from room service. You would like pizza. The servant who brings it is named Jesus. And he’s not even a Jew. You always liked irony. Come, Joshua, the angel says you are yet with us, you can hold him down while I pound him, then we will rejoice in pizza. Raziel has been looking at my writing and is insisting that I stop whining and get on with the story. Easy for him to say, he didn’t just spend the last two thousand years buried in the dirt. Nevertheless, he won’t let me order pizza until I finish a section, so here goes†¦ I was born in Galilee, the town of Nazareth, in the time of Herod the Great. My father, Alphaeus, was a stonemason and my mother, Naomi, was plagued by demons, or at least that’s what I told everyone. Joshua seemed to think she was just difficult. My proper name, Levi, comes from the brother of Moses, the progenitor of the tribe of priests; my nickname, Biff, comes from our slang word for a smack upside the head, something that my mother said I required at least daily from an early age. I grew up under Roman rule, although I didn’t see many Romans until I was ten. The Romans mostly stayed in the fortress city of Sepphoris, an hour’s walk north of Nazareth. That’s where Joshua and I saw a Roman soldier murdered, but I’m getting ahead of myself. For now, assume that the soldier is safe and sound and happy wearing a broom on his head. Most of the people of Nazareth were farmers, growing grapes and olives on the rocky hills outside of town and barley and wheat in the valleys below. There were also herders of goats and sheep whose families lived in town while the men and older boys tended the flocks in the highlands. Our houses were all made of stone, and ours had a stone floor, although many had floors of hard-packed dirt. I was the oldest of three sons, so even at the age of six I was being prepared to learn my father’s trade. My mother taught my spoken lessons, the Law and stories from the Torah in Hebrew, and my father took me to the synagogue to hear the elders read the Bible. Aramaic was my first language, but by the time I was ten I could speak and read Hebrew as well as most of the men. My ability to learn Hebrew and the Torah was spurred on by my friendship with Joshua, for while the other boys would be playing a round of tease the sheep or kick the Canaanite, Joshua and I played at being rabbis, and he insisted that we stick to the authentic Hebrew for our ceremonies. It was more fun than it sounds, or at least it was until my mother caught us trying to circumcise my little brother Shem with a sharp rock. What a fit she threw. And my argument that Shem needed to renew his covenant with the Lord didn’t seem to convince her. She beat me to stripes with an olive switch and forbade me to play with Joshua for a month. Did I mention she was besought with demons? Overall, I think it was good for little Shem. He was the only kid I ever knew who could pee around corners. You can make a pretty good living as a beggar with that kind of talent. And he never even thanked me. Brothers. Children see magic because they look for it. When I first met Joshua, I didn’t know he was the Savior, and neither did he, for that matter. What I knew was that he wasn’t afraid. Amid a race of conquered warriors, a people who tried to find pride while cowering before God and Rome, he shone like a bloom in the desert. But maybe only I saw it, because I was looking for it. To everyone else he seemed like just another child: the same needs and the same chance to die before he was grown. When I told my mother of Joshua’s trick with the lizard she checked me for fever and sent me to my sleeping mat with only a bowl of broth for supper. â€Å"I’ve heard stories about that boy’s mother,† she said to my father. â€Å"She claims to have spoken to an angel of the Lord. She told Esther that she had borne the Son of God.† â€Å"And what did you say to Esther?† â€Å"That she should be careful that the Pharisees not hear her ravings or we’d be picking stones for her punishment.† â€Å"Then you should not speak of it again. I know her husband, he is a righteous man.† â€Å"Cursed with an insane girl for a wife.† â€Å"Poor thing,† my father said, tearing away a hunk of bread. His hands were as hard as horn, as square as hammers, and as gray as a leper’s from the limestone he worked with. An embrace from him left scratches on my back that sometimes wept blood, yet my brothers and I fought to be the first in his arms when he returned from work each evening. The same injuries inflicted in anger would have sent us crying to our mother’s skirts. I fell asleep each night feeling his hand on my back like a shield. Fathers. Do you want to mash some lizards?† I asked Joshua when I saw him again. He was drawing in the dirt with a stick, ignoring me. I put my foot on his drawing. â€Å"Did you know that your mother is mad?† â€Å"My father does that to her,† he said sadly, without looking up. I sat down next to him. â€Å"Sometimes my mother makes yipping noises in the night like the wild dogs.† â€Å"Is she mad?† Joshua asked. â€Å"She seems fine in the morning. She sings while she makes breakfast.† Joshua nodded, satisfied, I guess, that madness could pass. â€Å"We used to live in Egypt,† he said. â€Å"No, you didn’t, that’s too far. Farther than the temple, even.† The Temple in Jerusalem was the farthest place I had been as a child. Every spring my family took the five-day walk to Jerusalem for the feast of Passover. It seemed to take forever. â€Å"We lived here, then we lived in Egypt, now we live here again,† Joshua said. â€Å"It was a long way.† â€Å"You lie, it takes forty years to get to Egypt.† â€Å"Not anymore, it’s closer now.† â€Å"It says in the Torah. My abba read it to me. ‘The Israelites traveled in the desert for forty years.'† â€Å"The Israelites were lost.† â€Å"For forty years?† I laughed. â€Å"The Israelites must be stupid.† â€Å"We are the Israelites.† â€Å"We are?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"I have to go find my mother,† I said. â€Å"When you come back, let’s play Moses and Pharaoh.† The angel has confided in me that he is going to ask the Lord if he can become Spider-Man. He watches the television constantly, even when I sleep, and he has become obsessed with the story of the hero who fights demons from the rooftops. The angel says that evil looms larger now than it did in my time, and that calls for greater heroes. The children need heroes, he says. I think he just wants to swing from buildings in tight red jammies. What hero could touch these children anyway, with their machines and medicine and distances made invisible? (Raziel: not here a week and he would trade the Sword of God to be a web slinger.) In my time, our heroes were few, but they were real – some of us could even trace our kinship to them. Joshua always played the heroes – David, Joshua, Moses – while I played the evil ones: Pharaoh, Ahab, and Nebuchadnezzar. If I had a shekel for every time I was slain as a Philistine, well, I’d not be riding a camel through the eye of a needle anytime soon, I’ll tell you that. As I think back, I see that Joshua was practicing for what he would become. â€Å"Let my people go,† said Joshua, as Moses. â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"You can’t just say, ‘Okay.'† â€Å"I can’t?† â€Å"No, the Lord has hardened your heart against my demands.† â€Å"Why’d he do that?† â€Å"I don’t know, he just did. Now, let my people go.† â€Å"Nope.† I crossed my arms and turned away like someone whose heart is hardened. â€Å"Behold as I turn this stick into a snake. Now, let my people go!† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"You can’t just say ‘okay’!† â€Å"Why? That was a pretty good trick with the stick.† â€Å"But that’s not how it goes.† â€Å"Okay. No way, Moses, your people have to stay.† Joshua waved his staff in my face. â€Å"Behold, I will plague you with frogs. They will fill your house and your bedchamber and get on your stuff.† â€Å"So?† â€Å"So that’s bad. Let my people go, Pharaoh.† â€Å"I sorta like frogs.† â€Å"Dead frogs,† Moses threatened. â€Å"Piles of steaming, stinking dead frogs.† â€Å"Oh, in that case, you’d better take your people and go. I have some sphinxes and stuff to build anyway.† â€Å"Dammit, Biff, that’s not how it goes! I have more plagues for you.† â€Å"I want to be Moses.† â€Å"You can’t.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"I have the stick.† â€Å"Oh.† And so it went. I’m not sure I took to playing the villains as easily as Joshua took to being the heroes. Sometimes we recruited our little brothers to play the more loathsome parts. Joshua’s little brothers Judah and James played whole populations, like the Sodomites outside of Lot’s door. â€Å"Send out those two angels so that we can know them.† â€Å"I won’t do that,† I said, playing Lot (a good guy only because Joshua wanted to play the angels), â€Å"but I have two daughters who don’t know anyone, you can meet them.† â€Å"Okay,† said Judah. I threw open the door and led my imaginary daughters outside so they could know the Sodomites†¦ â€Å"Pleased to meet you.† â€Å"Charmed, I’m sure.† â€Å"Nice to meet you.† â€Å"THAT’S NOT HOW IT GOES!† Joshua shouted. â€Å"You’re supposed to try to break the door down, then I will smite you blind.† â€Å"Then you destroy our city?† James said. â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"We’d rather meet Lot’s daughters.† â€Å"Let my people go,† said Judah, who was only four and often got his stories confused. He particularly liked the Exodus because he and James got to throw jars of water on me as I led my soldiers across the Red Sea after Moses. â€Å"That’s it,† Joshua said. â€Å"Judah, you’re Lot’s wife. Go stand over there.† Sometimes Judah had to play Lot’s wife no matter what story we were doing. â€Å"I don’t want to be Lot’s wife.† â€Å"Be quiet, pillars of salt can’t talk.† â€Å"I don’t want to be a girl.† Our brothers always played the female parts. I had no sisters to torment, and Joshua’s only sister at the time, Elizabeth, was still a baby. That was before we met the Magdalene. The Magdalene changed everything. After I overheard my parents talking about Joshua’s mother’s madness, I often watched her, looking for signs, but she seemed to go about her duties like all the other mothers, tending to the little ones, working in the garden, fetching water, and preparing food. There was no sign of going about on all fours or foaming at the mouth as I had expected. She was younger than many of the mothers, and much younger than her husband, Joseph, who was an old man by the standards of our time. Joshua said that Joseph wasn’t his real father, but he wouldn’t say who his father was. When the subject came up, and Mary was in earshot, she would call to Josh, then put her finger to her lips to signal silence. â€Å"Now is not the time, Joshua. Biff would not understand.† Just hearing her say my name made my heart leap. Early on I developed a little-boy love for Joshua’s mother that sent me into fantasies of marriage and family and future. â€Å"Your father is old, huh, Josh?† â€Å"Not too old.† â€Å"When he dies, will your mother marry his brother?† â€Å"My father has no brothers. Why?† â€Å"No reason. What would you think if your father was shorter than you?† â€Å"He isn’t.† â€Å"But when your father dies, your mother could marry someone shorter than you, and he would be your father. You would have to do what he says.† â€Å"My father will never die. He is eternal.† â€Å"So you say. But I think that when I’m a man, and your father dies, I will take your mother as my wife.† Joshua made a face now as if he had bitten into an unripe fig. â€Å"Don’t say that, Biff.† â€Å"I don’t mind that she’s mad. I like her blue cloak. And her smile. I’ll be a good father, I’ll teach you how to be a stonemason, and I’ll only beat you when you are a snot.† â€Å"I would rather play with lepers than listen to this.† Joshua began to walk away. â€Å"Wait. Be nice to your father, Joshua bar Biff† – my own father used my full name like this when he was trying to make a point – â€Å"Is it not the word of Moses that you must honor me?† Little Joshua spun on his heel. â€Å"My name is not Joshua bar Biff, and it is not Joshua bar Joseph either. It’s Joshua bar Jehovah!† I looked around, hoping that no one had heard him. I didn’t want my only son (I planned to sell Judah and James into slavery) to be stoned to death for uttering the name of God in vain. â€Å"Don’t say that again, Josh. I won’t marry your mother.† â€Å"No, you won’t.† â€Å"I’m sorry.† â€Å"I forgive you.† â€Å"She will make an excellent concubine.† Don’t let anyone tell you that the Prince of Peace never struck anyone. In those early days, before he had become who he would be, Joshua smote me in the nose more than once. That was the first time. Mary would stay my one true love until I saw the Magdalene. If the people of Nazareth thought Joshua’s mother was mad, there was little said of it out of respect for her husband, Joseph. He was wise in the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms, and there were few wives in Nazareth who didn’t serve supper in one of his smooth olive-wood bowls. He was fair, strong, and wise. People said that he had once been an Essene, one of the dour, ascetic Jews who kept to themselves and never married or cut their hair, but he did not congregate with them, and unlike them, he still had the ability to smile. In those early years, I saw him very little, as he was always in Sepphoris, building structures for the Romans and the Greeks and the landed Jews of that city, but every year, as the Feast of Firsts approached, Joseph would stop his work in the fortress city and stay home carving bowls and spoons to give to the Temple. During the Feast of Firsts, it was the tradition to give first lambs, first grain, and first fruits to the priests of the Temple. Even first sons born during the year were dedicated to the Temple, either by promising them for labor when they were older, or by a gift of money. Craftsmen like my father and Joseph could give things that they made, and in some years my father fashioned mortars and pestles or grinding stones for the tribute, while in others he gave tithes of coin. Some people made the pilgrimage to Jerusalem for this feast, but since it fell only seven weeks after Passover, many families could not afford to make the pilgrimage, and the gifts went to our sim ple village synagogue. During the weeks leading up to the feast, Joseph sat outside of his house in the shade of an awning he had made, worrying the gnarled olive wood with adze and chisel, while Joshua and I played at his feet. He wore the single-piece tunic that we all wore, a rectangle of fabric with neck hole in the middle, belted with a sash so that the sleeves fell to the elbows and the hem fell to the knees. â€Å"Perhaps this year I should give the Temple my first son, eh, Joshua? Wouldn’t you like to clean the altar after the sacrifices?† He grinned to himself without looking up from his work. â€Å"I owe them a first son, you know. We were in Egypt at the Firsts Feast when you were born.† The idea of coming in contact with blood clearly terrified Joshua, as it would any Jewish boy. â€Å"Give them James, Abba, he is your first son.† Joseph shot a glance my way, to see if I had reacted. I had, but it was because I was considering my own status as a first son, hoping that my father wasn’t thinking along the same lines. â€Å"James is a second son. The priests don’t want second sons. It will have to be you.† Joshua looked at me before he answered, then back at his father. Then he smiled. â€Å"But Abba, if you should die, who will take care of Mother if I am at the Temple?† â€Å"Someone will look after her,† I said. â€Å"I’m sure of it.† â€Å"I will not die for a long time.† Joseph tugged at his gray beard. â€Å"My beard goes white, but there’s a lot of life in me yet.† â€Å"Don’t be so sure, Abba,† Joshua said. Joseph dropped the bowl he was working on and stared into his hands. â€Å"Run along and play, you two,† he said, his voice little more than a whisper. Joshua stood and walked away. I wanted to throw my arms around the old man, for I had never seen a grown man afraid before and it frightened me too. â€Å"Can I help?† I said, pointing to the half-finished bowl that lay in Joseph’s lap. â€Å"You go with Joshua. He needs a friend to teach him to be human. Then I can teach him to be a man.† How to cite Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 1, Essay examples

Was Canadian conscription in World War I justified Essay Example

Was Canadian conscription in World War I justified Paper A. Plan of Investigation Was Canadian conscription in World War I justified? Many people have addressed the issue of Canadian conscription in World War I and debated back and forth as to the justification and necessity of it at the time. The purpose of this internal assessment is to determine whether instituting conscription was a valid decision through an investigation of the different groups affected and their points of views. To do this, I will use a variety of sources and my own knowledge to look at both sides of the argument and come up with a valid conclusion. In section B, I will examine different viewpoints and their reasons for and against conscription. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Canadian conscription in World War I justified specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Was Canadian conscription in World War I justified specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Was Canadian conscription in World War I justified specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In section C, I will evaluate two sources that have very different views as to whether conscription was the right thing to do. In section D, I will analyse the effect of conscription on the population of Canada, how historians view the issue, and its significance in Canadian history. In section E, I will make a final statement and then give my reasons for it. It is my opinion that conscription was unjustified as it infringed on basic rights, and divided the country as it had never been divided before. B. Summary of Evidence Arguments for Conscription The arguments for conscription mainly concern the fact that Borden wanted Canada to appear as a strong united country that was capable of holding her own in battle.i As World War I dragged on, Canadas volunteer recruitment program was failing. Fewer people were volunteering, and Bordens promise of 500 000 men was beginning to look outrageous. Not wanting to appear weak, Borden decided his only option was conscription. To justify this, he said that Canada would finally be considered an autonomous state when the world saw the power of her army.ii Borden also justified it by stating that most European countries supported conscription including Britain.iii He simply did not understand that Canadians did not have the passion for war that the British or any other Europeans did for that matter, because they did not feel like the war affected them in any meaningful way. Arguments against Conscription The arguments against conscription are many, and most if not all are reasonable and justified. One of the main arguments against conscription was that people did not feel like the war affected them in any way, as it was so far away. People did not really care who won the war, because it could never cross the ocean and affect them, and therefore their participation in the war was pointless and stupid.iv Another argument against conscription was that it infringed on the basic rights of Canadians as human beings. In the constitution, it stated that no man should be forced to enlist in the army, unless a force threatened the territory of Canada itself.v With this argument, many Canadians saw it as illegal for the government to conscript men, as they believed the war did not affect Canada directly. The Quebecois were especially against conscription, as they felt they were being discriminated against within the armed forces. Once in the army, Quebeckers had to serve under English commanders who knew little to no French, and the Quebeckers were often harassed.vi They also felt no loyalty to Britain as their English counterparts did, and did not feel loyal to France either.vii Another group that was strongly against conscription was the farmers. They felt conscription was wrong because it took away able-bodied men that were desperately needed on the farm to harvest the crops. They argued that without the crops, there would not be enough supplies to feed the men overseas.viii Another strong argument against conscription, were the facts that came out after the war. Of the 400 000 men who were registered as being up for conscription, only 59 991 were ever ordered to duty. All the others were either granted exemptions, or declared unfit to serve.ix This clearly shows that conscription could not have had that much of an impact if only fifteen percent of men conscripted ever made it to service. Perhaps the biggest argument against conscription, was the loss of so many lives. No matter how hard Borden tried, not many people accepted the loss of so many innocent young men as simply the consequences of a war that half the country did not support. C. Evaluation of Sources Morton, Desmond. When Your Numbers Up: the Canadian Soldier in the First World War. Canada, Random House, 1993. This book, written by Desmond Morton in 1993, is a secondary source that talks about the experiences of Canadian soldiers in World War I. Its purpose is to give information about what it was like to be a soldier in the Canadian forces during World War I through historical research. Its main thesis about conscription is that it was necessary to keep a strong Canadian contingent fighting, not only to help the war effort, but also to show the world what a power Canada was. The main value of this book is that it is written by a well-known and well-respected historian and therefore the information within it is reliable. Its main limitation is that it is a secondary source written many years after the war by someone who did not experience it first hand, and therefore all the information is based on research conducted by him. Grubb, Edward. Memories of the No-Conscription Fellowship by the Treasurer. Canada: Richard Cobden-Sanderson, 1935. This source, written by the treasurer of the organization, Edward Grubb in 1935, is a primary source that recounts the No-Conscription Fellowship, an organization against conscription in Canada during World War I. Its purpose is to give information and detailed accounts of what the organization was and what it did to help in the fight against conscription. Its main thesis is that conscription was wrong because it infringed on basic human rights, and therefore it was their duty to oppose it and fight it any way they could. Its main value is that it is a primary source written by someone who lived during the war and fought conscription himself, and therefore the information is a first-hand account. Its limitations are that it only gives one side of the argument about conscription, and it was written around 17 years after the war, and therefore the information may be embellished or changed. D. Analysis The evidence against conscription far outweighs the evidence for it. This section will analyse what effect conscription had on the population of Canada, and then the opinions of historians on conscription. Finally, I will look at the importance of this issue in the history of Canada. When conscription was first proposed, there was an instant divide between English and French Canada. English Canada was generally for conscription as they felt they should support Britain as much as possible.x French Canada on the other hand, felt no loyalty towards Britain and therefore was strongly opposed. The issue of conscription threatened to divide Canada. Borden faced a tough decision, he had to decide whether to support Britain and gain international recognition, or save his country from internal destruction. When Border chose the former, there was instantly civil unrest throughout the country. In Quebec, there were riots protesting conscription and many refused to serve when they were conscripted. It was not only the men being conscripted who rebelled, police in Quebec who were supposed to get the conscripts mostly refused to do it, so Borden had to gather a special conscription force to go and collect the men. The country was divided as it had never been before, and Borden was very worried. French Canadians were extremely angry at the ignorance of Borden and his lack of sympathy for their cause, while English Canadians felt that the French were going against Canada by opposing conscription. Borden had no solution for this problem, and Canada would remain divided for many years to come. Most historians, when talking about the issue of conscription in Canada during World War I, agree that it was unjustified. One of these historians was Grant Dexter, who wrote an essay specifically on the conscription crisis of 1917. He believed that conscription was wrong because of three main reasons.xi The first, was that it divided the country between English and French and soured relations between the two for years to come. The second reason, was that it infringed on basic constitutional rights set out that said that no man should be forced to fight outside of Canada unless the territory of Canada is threatened directly. The third reason, dealt with obligation without representation, and stated that since Canada had no say in British foreign policy, then she should not be obligated to fight Britains war. This is not to say that all historians agreed that conscription was wrong, some still believed that it was the right thing to do. One of these historians, was Desmond Morton, who wrote When Your Numbers Up, a book that deals with the roles of the Canadian soldier in World War I. In this book, he gives the point of view that conscription was necessary for two main reasons.xii The first, was that more men were necessary to help the war effort in Europe and without it, the central powers might be victorious. The second reason, was that Canada needed to show that she could be a formidable power in international affairs and could hold her own against any other country in the world. Because of these two reasons, Morton felt conscription was the only solution. As is evident from this section, the debate about conscription is not completely one-sided, however the arguments against are far more convincing. The impact of this issue on Canadian history is very great indeed. This was the first time in Canadian history that men had been forced to go to war out of North America. The divisive consequences of conscription would be evident for many decades to come, as there would always be a certain grudge between English and French Canadians on the issue of loyalty to Britain. Over the years that passed after conscription, the issue would continue to be brought up whenever loyalty to Britain was in question or debate. Because of this, many people see it as both a negative and positive event. It is seen as negative because of the division that resulted from it, but it is also seen as positive because it is hard to question our loyalty to Britain when we were willing to go so far as to force young men to go to war and most likely death, simply to show our support for their cause. Conscription will always be remembered in Canada as an issue that separated Canada, but brought us closer to Britain . E. Conclusion In conclusion, conscription in Canada during World War I was unjustified and wrong. It infringed on the basic rights of Canadians set out in the constitution that stated that no man should be forced to fight outside Canada unless there was a direct threat to Canada itself. It also was never fully supported in Canada, simply by the English Canadians who outnumbered French Canadians and therefore made up the majority. It divided Canada between English and French Canadians in a separation that was never fully mended, as there was always a certain resentment between the two groups. The facts speak for themselves, less than fifteen percent of the men conscripted were sent to duty overseas, which shows how futile and useless conscription was. Finally, and most importantly, many innocent lives were lost as a result of conscription, lives that would never be recovered. It does not matter what benefits we gained from the war, nothing can justify the loss of so many lives.